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P.8 掲載の参考文献

• 1. McGinn TG, Guyatt GH, Wyer PC, et al. Users' guides to the medical literature:XXII:How to use articles about clinical decision rules. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000;284:79-84.

• 2. Bressan S, Romanato S, Mion T, et al. Implementation of adapted PECARN decision rule for children with minor head injury in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19:801-7.

• 3. Nigrovic LE, Stack AM, Mannix RC, et al. Quality improvement effort to reduce cranial CTs for children with minor blunt head trauma. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e227-33.
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• 4. Easter JS, Bakes K, Dhaliwal J, et al. Comparison of PECARN, CATCH, and CHALICE rules for children with minor head injury:A prospective cohort study. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;64:145-52, 152.e1-5.

• 5. Ide K, Uematsu S, Hayano S, et al. Validation of the PECARN head trauma prediction rules in Japan:A multicenter prospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38:1599-603.
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• 6. Wolff RF, Moons KGM, Riley RD, et al;PROBAST Group. PROBAST:A Tool to Assess the Risk of Bias and Applicability of Prediction Model Studies. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:51-8.
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• 7. Moons KG, Altman DG, Reitsma JB, et al. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD):Explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:W1-73.

• 8. Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, et al. The LRINEC (laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis) score:A tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1535-41.

• 9. Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infection:Diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and LRINEC score:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;269:58-65.

• 10. Babl FE, Borland ML, Phillips N, et al;Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT). Accuracy of PECARN, CATCH, and CHALICE head injury decision rules in children:A prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2017;389:2393-402.
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• 11. Davey K, Saul T, Russel G, et al. Application of the Canadian computed tomography head rule to patients with minimal head injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;72:342-50.
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• 12. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, et al. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:94-9.

• 13. Matteucci MJ, Moszyk D, Migliore SA. Agreement between resident and faculty emergency physicians in the application of NEXUS criteria for suspected cervical spine injuries. J Emerg Med. 2015;48:445-9.
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• 14. Schriger DL, Elder JW, Cooper RJ. Structured clinical decision aids are seldom compared with subjective physician judgment, and are seldom superior. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70:338-44.e3.

• 15. Penaloza A, Verschuren F, Meyer G, et al. Comparison of the unstructured clinician gestalt, the wells score, and the revised Geneva score to estimate pretest probability for suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62:117-24.e2.

序

P.18 掲載の参考文献

• 1. Kahneman D. Thinking, fast and slow:Macmillan;2011.

• 2. Graber ML, Kissam S, Payne VL, et al. Cognitive interventions to reduce diagnostic error:a narrative review. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012;21:535-57.
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• 3. Lambe KA, O'Reilly G, Kelly BD, et al. Dual-process cognitive interventions to enhance diagnostic reasoning:A systematic review. BMJ Qual Saf. 2016;25:808-20.
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• 4. Dumas D, Torre DM, Durning SJ. Using relational reasoning strategies to help improve clinical reasoning practice. Acad Med. 2018;93:709-14.
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• 5. Merkebu J, Battistone M, McMains K, et al. Situativity:A family of social cognitive theories for understanding clinical reasoning and diagnostic error. Diagnosis (Berl). 2020;7:169-76.
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• 6. Graber ML. Progress understanding diagnosis and diagnostic errors:Thoughts at year 10. Diagnosis (Berl). 2020;7:151-9.
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• 7. Wright B, Faulkner N, Bragge P, et al. What interventions could reduce diagnostic error in emergency departments? A review of evidence, practice and consumer perspectives. Diagnosis (Berl). 2019;6:325-34.
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• 8. Yang D, Fineberg HV, Cosby K. Diagnostic excellence. JAMA. 2021;326:1905-6.
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• 9. Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health C, Board on Health Care S, Institute of M, The National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine. In:Balogh EP, Miller BT, Ball JR, editors. Improving Diagnosis in Health Care. Washington (DC):National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.;2015.

• 10. Barwise A, Leppin A, Dong Y, et al. What contributes to diagnostic error or delay? A qualitative exploration across diverse acute care settings in the United States. J Patient Saf. 2021;17:239-48.

• 11. Singh H, Meyer AN, Thomas EJ. The frequency of diagnostic errors in outpatient care:Estimations from three large observational studies involving US adult populations. BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23:727-31.
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• 12. Newman-Toker DE, Schaffer AC, Yu-Moe CW, et al. Serious misdiagnosis-related harms in malpractice claims:The "Big Three"-vascular events, infections, and cancers. Diagnosis (Berl). 2019;6:227-40.
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• 13. Watari T, Tokuda Y, Mitsuhashi S, et al. Factors and impact of physicians' diagnostic errors in malpractice claims in Japan. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0237145.
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• 14. Tokuda Y, Kishida N, Konishi R, et al. Cognitive error as the most frequent contributory factor in cases of medical injury:A study on verdict's judgment among closed claims in Japan. J Hosp Med. 2011;6:109-14.

• 15. Graber ML, Franklin N, Gordon R. Diagnostic error in internal medicine. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1493-9.
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• 16. Newman-Toker DE, Peterson SM, Badihian S, et al. AHRQ comparative effectiveness reviews. Diagnostic errors in the emergency department:A systematic review. Rockville (MD):Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US);2022.

• 17. Ely JW, Graber ML, Croskerry P. Checklists to reduce diagnostic errors. Acad Med. 2011;86:307-13.
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• 18. Croskerry P. Achieving quality in clinical decision making:Cognitive strategies and detection of bias. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:1184-204.
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• 19. Hautz WE, Kammer JE, Hautz SC, et al. Diagnostic error increases mortality and length of hospital stay in patients presenting through the emergency room. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019;27:54.
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• 20. Oh SY, Lim YC, Shim YS, et al. Initial misdiagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:Associating factors and its prognosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018;160:1105-13.
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• 21. Ois A, Vivas E, Figueras-Aguirre G, et al. Misdiagnosis worsens prognosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage with good Hunt and Hess score. Stroke. 2019;50:3072-6.
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• 22. Calder L, Pozgay A, Riff S, et al. Adverse events in patients with return emergency department visits. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24:142-8.
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• 23. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign:International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:1181-247.
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• 24. Abe T, Tokuda Y, Shiraishi A, et al. In-hospital mortality associated with the misdiagnosis or unidentified site of infection at admission. Crit Care. 2019;23:202.
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• 25. Hall KK, Shoemaker-Hunt S, Hoffman L, et al. Making healthcare safer III:A critical analysis of existing and emerging patient safety practices. Rockville (MD):Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US);2020.

• 26. Abimanyi-Ochom J, Bohingamu Mudiyanselage S, Catchpool M, et al. Strategies to reduce diagnostic errors:A systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2019;19:174.

• 27. Pow RE, Mello-Thoms C, Brennan P. Evaluation of the effect of double reporting on test accuracy in screening and diagnostic imaging studies:A review of the evidence. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2016;60:306-14.
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• 28. Payne VL, Singh H, Meyer AN, et al. Patient-initiated second opinions:Systematic review of characteristics and impact on diagnosis, treatment, and satisfaction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:687-96.
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• 29. Freund Y, Goulet H, Leblanc J, et al. Effect of systematic physician cross-checking on reducing adverse events in the emergency department:The CHARMED cluster randomized trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:812-9.
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• 30. Clinical Excellence Commission. Take 2-think, do Project. Resource for implementation. Ministry of Health (New South Wales, Australia) 2019.

• 31. Liberman AL, Prabhakaran S. Stroke chameleons and stroke mimics in the emergency department. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2017;17:15.
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• 32. Croskerry P. The feedback sanction. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:1232-8.
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目次

P.25 掲載の参考文献

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• 2. Kelly AM, Kuan WS, Chu KH, et al. Epidemiology, investigation, management, and outcome of headache in emergency departments (HEAD study)-A multinational observational study. Headache. 2021;61:1539-52.
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• 3. Mahlamaki K, Rautalin I, Korja M. Case fatality rates of subarachnoid hemorrhage are decreasing with substantial between-country variation:A systematic review of population-based studies between 1980 and 2020. Neuroepidemiology. 2022:1-11.
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• 4. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, et al. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994;25 :1342-7.
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• 5. Stienen MN, Germans M, Burkhardt JK, et al. Predictors of in-hospital death after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:Analysis of a nationwide database (Swiss SOS [Swiss Study on Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage]). Stroke. 2018;49:333-40.

• 6. Roos YB, Beenen LF, Groen RJ, et al. Timing of surgery in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage:Rebleeding is still the major cause of poor outcome in neurosurgical units that aim at early surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:490-3.
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• 7. Lu VM, Graffeo CS, Perry A, et al. Rebleeding drives poor outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage independent of delayed cerebral ischemia:A propensity-score matched cohort study. J Neurosurg. 2019:1-9.
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• 8. Boogaarts HD, van Lieshout JH, van Amerongen MJ, et al. Aneurysm diameter as a risk factor for pretreatment rebleeding:A meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2015;122:921-8.
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• 9. Sorteberg A, Romundstad L, Sorteberg W. Timelines and rebleeds in patients admitted into neurosurgical care for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163:771-81.
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• 10. Inagawa T. Delayed diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients:a community-based study. J Neurosurg. 2011;115:707-14.
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• 11. Tarnutzer AA, Lee SH, Robinson KA, et al. ED misdiagnosis of cerebrovascular events in the era of modern neuroimaging:A meta-analysis. Neurology. 2017;88:1468-77.
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• 12. Takagi Y, Hadeishi H, Mineharu Y, et al. Initially missed or delayed diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage:A nationwide survey of contributing factors and outcomes in Japan. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27:871-7.
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• 13. 日本神経学会, 日本頭痛学会, 日本神経治療学会, 監. 頭痛の診療ガイドライン 2021. 東京:医学書院;2021.

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• 16. Tang C, Zhang TS, Zhou LF. Risk factors for rebleeding of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e99536.
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• 17. Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35:93-112.
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• 18. Oheda M, Inamasu J, Moriya S, et al. Early rebleeding in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage under intensive blood pressure management. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22:1338-42.
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• 19. Gathier CS, Zijlstra IAJ, Rinkel GJE, et al. Blood pressure and the risk of rebleeding and delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Crit Care. 2022;72:154124.
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• 20. Calviere L, Gathier CS, Rafiq M, et al. Rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in two centers using different blood pressure management strategies. Front Neurol. 2022;13:1-7.
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• 21. Hoh BL, Ko NU, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. 2023 Guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023;54:e314-e70.
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• 22. Baharoglu MI, Germans MR, Rinkel GJ, et al. Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013:Cd001245.
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• 23. Post R, Germans MR, Tjerkstra MA, et al. Ultra-early tranexamic acid after subarachnoid haemorrhage (ULTRA):A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:112-8.
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• 24. Cortnum S, Sorensen P, Jorgensen J. Determining the sensitivity of computed tomography scanning in early detection of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:900-2;discussion 3.

• 25. Verma RK, Kottke R, Andereggen L, et al. Detecting subarachnoid hemorrhage:Comparison of combined FLAIR/SWI versus CT. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:1539-45.
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• 26. Cagnazzo F, Gambacciani C, Morganti R, et al. Aneurysm rebleeding after placement of external ventricular drainage:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159:695-704.
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[1] 救急外来におけるClinical Prediction Rule ( CPR ) はどのように用いるべきか ?

P.33 掲載の参考文献

• 1. van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, et al. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:167-76.
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• 2. Sheth KN. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:1589-96.
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• 3. Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, et al. 2022 guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage:A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022;53:e282-361.
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• 4. 日本脳卒中学会 脳卒中ガイドライン委員会. 脳卒中治療ガイドライン 2021. 東京:協和企画;2021.

• 5. Stroke foundation. Australian and New Zealand Living Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management. Chapter 3. Acute medical and surgical management. <https://informme.org.au/Guidelines>

• 6. Steiner T, Al-Shahi Salman R, Beer R, et al. European Stroke Organisation(ESO)guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:840-55.
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• 7. NICE guideline. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s:Diagnosis and initial management. Published:1 May 2019. <www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128>

• 8. Cooley SR, Zhao H, Campbell BCV, et al. Mobile stroke units facilitate prehospital management of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2021;52:3163-6.
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• 9. Yamashita S, Kimura K, Iguchi Y, et al. Kurashiki prehospital stroke subtyping score(KP3S)as a means of distinguishing ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke in emergency medical services. Eur Neurol. 2011;65:233-8.
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• 10. H Buck B, Akhtar N, Alrohimi A, et al. Stroke mimics:Incidence, aetiology, clinical features and treatment. Ann Med. 2021;53:420-36.
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• 11. Sandset EC, Anderson CS, Bath PM, et al. European Stroke Organisation(ESO)guidelines on blood pressure management in acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Stroke J. 2021;6:X48-L89.

• 12. Anderson CS, Arima H, Lavados P, et al. Cluster-randomized, crossover trial of head positioning in acute stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2437-47.
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[2] 救急外来における診断とDiagnostic error

P.45 掲載の参考文献

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• 4. 松尾 汎. In:標準頸動脈エコー. 東京:日本医事新報社;2018. p.84.

• 5. 頸動脈超音波診断ガイドライン小委員会. 超音波による頸動脈病変の標準的評価法 2017. 2017.

• 6. 野内恒男. 総頸動脈左右拡張末期血流速度比(ED ratio)定量解析. 医学検査. 2016;65:521-5.
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• 8. Straka M, Albers GW, Bammer R. Realtime diffusion-perfusion mismatch analysis in acute stroke. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:1024-37.
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• 10. Larrue V, von Kummer R, Del Zoppo G, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke. Potential contributing factors in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study. Stroke. 1997;28:957-60.
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• 12. Brinjikji W, Duffy S, Burrows A, et al. Correlation of imaging and histopathology of thrombi in acute ischemic stroke with etiology and outcome:A systematic review. J Neurointerv Surg. 2017;9:529-34.
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• 13. Thomalla G, Simonsen CZ, Boutitie F, et al. MRI-guided thrombolysis for stroke with unknown time of onset. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:611-22.
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• 14. Man S, Xian Y, Holmes DN, et al. Association between thrombolytic door-to-needle time and 1-year mortality and readmission in patients with acute ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2020;323:2170-84.
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• 15. Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke:A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;384:1929-35.
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• 16. 日本脳卒中学会 脳卒中医療向上・社会保険委員会「抗凝固療法中患者への脳梗塞急性期再開通治療に関する推奨」作業部会. 抗凝固療法中患者への脳梗塞急性期再開通治療に関する推奨. 脳卒中. 2018;40:123-35.

• 17. Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:11-20.
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• 22. Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:11-21.
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• 23. Albers GW, Lansberg MG, Kemp S, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of endovascular therapy following imaging evaluation for ischemic stroke(DEFUSE 3). Int J Stroke. 2017;12:896-905.

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[3] 救急外来において, くも膜下出血はどのように診療すべきか ?

P.51 掲載の参考文献

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[4] 救急外来において, 脳出血はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[5] 救急外来において, 脳梗塞はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[6] 救急外来において, 痙攣重積はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[7] 救急外来において, 脳炎・髄膜炎はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[8] 救急外来において, 肺炎はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[9] 救急外来における気胸はどのように治療すべきか ?

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[10] 救急外来において, 心不全はどのように診療すべきか ?

P.103 掲載の参考文献

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[11] 救急外来において, 急性心筋梗塞はどのように診療すべきか ?

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• 3. Ambe PC, Weber SA, Christ H, et al. Cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. How time-critical are the so called "golden 72 hours"? Or better "golden 24 hours" and "silver 25-72 hour"? A case control study. World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2017;9:60.

• 4. Lahtinen J, Alhava EM, Aukee S. Acute cholecystitis treated by early and delayed surgery. A controlled clinical trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1978;13:673-8.
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• 5. Loozen CS, van Santvoort HC, van Duijvendijk P, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus percutaneous catheter drainage for acute cholecystitis in high risk patients(CHOCOLATE):Multicenter randomized clinical trial. BMJ. 2018:363:k3965.
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[12] 救急外来において, 致死的な不整脈はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[13] 救急外来における急性膵炎はどのように診療すべきか ?

P.125 掲載の参考文献

• 1. Laine L, Shah A. Randomized trial of urgent vs. elective colonoscopy in patients hospitalized with lower GI bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:2636-41;quiz 42.

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[14] 救急外来における急性胆嚢炎 ( 胆管炎 ) はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[15] 救急外来において, 上部消化管出血はどのように診療すべきか ?

P.143 掲載の参考文献

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• 5. Soreide K, Thorsen K, Harrison EM, et al. Perforated peptic ulcer. Lancet. 2015;386:1288-98.
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[16] 救急外来において, 下部消化管出血はどのように診療すべきか ?

P.151 掲載の参考文献

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[17] 救急外来における腸閉塞はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[18] 救急外来における消化管穿孔はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[19] 救急外来において, 敗血症はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[20] 救急外来における不明熱はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[21] 救急外来における凝固異常はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[22] 救急外来で診断される急性腎障害は慢性腎不全へ移行するか ?

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[23] 救急外来において, 緊急を要する眼科疾患はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[24] 救急外来において, アナフィラキシーはどのように診療すべきか ?

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[25] 救急外来の外傷患者の創部はどのように処置すべきか ?

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[26] 救急外来において, 熱中症患者はどのように温度を下げるべきか ?

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[27] 救急外来における中毒診療において, 胃洗浄と活性炭投与は必要か ?

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[28] 救急外来において, 血清療法はどのように行うべきか ?

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[29] 救急外来において, 広範囲熱傷はどのように診療すべきか ?

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[30] 救急外来における介入は院外心停止患者の予後を改善できるか ?

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[31] 院外心停止患者におけるVA - ECMOはどのようにすべきか ?

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[32] 救急外来において, REBOAはどのように使用すべきか ?

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[33] 救急外来において, 開胸心臓マッサージは必要か ?

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