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I 認知症の画像診断 - 早期検出 -

P.15 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 西村恒彦:脳核医学検査の特徴. 第3版 最新脳SPECT/PETの臨床(西村恒彦編), メジカルビュー社, p2-8, 2012.

• 2) de Leon MJ, et al.:The radiologic prediction of Alzheimer disease;the atrophic hippocampal formation. Am J Neuroradiol, 14:897-906, 1993.
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• 3) Hirata Y, et al.:Voxel-based morphometry to discriminate early Alzheimer's disease from controls. Neurosci Lett 382:269-274, 2005.
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• 4) Ishii K, et al.:Computer-assisted diagnostic system for neurodegenerative dementia using brain SPECT and 3D-SSP. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 36:831-840, 2009.
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• 5) Minoshima S, et al.:Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol, 42:85-94, 1997.
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• 6) Warr L, et al.:Identification of biomarkers in Lewy-body disorders. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 56:39-54, 2012.
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• 7) Klunk WE, et al.:Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol, 55:306-319, 2004.
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• 8) Okamura N, et al.:Novel 18F-labeledarylquinoline derivatives for noninvasive imaging of tau pathology in Alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med, 54:1420-1427, 2013.
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• 9) Sperling RA, et al.:Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease:Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimers Dement, 7:280-292, 2011.
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P.23 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 米国精神医学会 編, 日本精神神経学会翻訳 監修, 高橋三郎, 大野裕 監訳:DSM-5 精神疾患の診断・統計マニュアル. 医学書院, 2014. (American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fifth Edition. Arlington VA USA, 2013. )

• 2) Alzheimer A:Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie und Psychish-Gerichitliche Medizin 64, 146-148, 1907.

• 3) Grundke-Iqbal I, et al.:Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:4913-4917, 1986.
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• 4) Glenner GG, et al.:Alzheimer's disease:initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 120:885-890, 1984.
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• 5) Burns A, et al.:Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. IV:Disorders of behaviour. British J Psychiat 157, 86-94, 1990.

• 6) 国際老年精神医学会 編, 日本老年精神医学会 監訳:第2版認知症の行動と心理症状BPSD. アルタ出版, 2013. (International Psychogeriatric association. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. 2010. )

• 7) Zubenko GS, et al.:Neuropathologic and neurochemical correlates of psychosis in primary dementia. Arch Neurol 48:619-624, 1991.
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• 8) McKhann GM, et al.:The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7(3):263-269, 2011.
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• 9) Sperling RA, et al.:Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7(3):280-292, 2011.
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• 10) Neary D, et al.:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration:a consensus on clinical diagnosis criteria. Neurology 51:1546-1554, 1998.

• 11) McKeith IG, et al.:Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies:third report of the DLB consortium. Neurology 65:1863-1872, 2005.
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• 12) Roman GC, et al.:Vascular dementia:diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 43:250-260, 1993.

P.28 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Folstein MF, et al.:"Mini-Mental State":a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189-198, 1975.

• 2) 加藤伸司 ほか:改訂長谷川式簡易知能評価スケール(HDS-R)の作成. 老年精神医学雑誌, 2:1339-1347, 1991.
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• 3) 福永知子 ほか:新しい老人用精神機能検査の作成-N式精神機能検査-. 老年精神医学, 5:221-231, 1988.

• 4) de Wall C, et al.:The Extended Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test:a measure of everyday memory performance in normal adults. Memory. 2:149-166, 1994.
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• 5) Rosen W.G, et al.:A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141:1356-1364, 1984.
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• 6) Reisberg B:Dementia:a systematic approach to identifying reversible causes. Geriatrics. 41(4):30-46, 1986.
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• 7) Morris JC:The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR):current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 43(11):2412-2414, 1993.
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• 8) Cummings JL, et al.:The Neuropsychiatric Inventory:comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 44:2308-2314, 1994.
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• 9) Zarit SH, Et al.:Relatives of the impaired elderly:correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist, 20:649-655, 1980.
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P.37 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Holmes C, et al.:Long-term effects of Abeta42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease:follow-up of a randomised, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Lancet. 372:216-223, 2008.
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• 2) Salloway S, et al.:A phase 2 multiple ascending dose trial of bapineuzumab in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 73:2061-2070, 2009.
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• 3) Salloway S, et al.:Two phase 3 trials of bapineuzumab in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 23;370(4):322-333, 2014.

• 4) Bateman RJ, et al.:A gamma-secretase inhibitor decreases amyloid-beta production in the central nervous system. Ann Neurol. 66:48-54, 2009.
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• 5) Green RC, et al.:Effect of tarenflurbil on cognitive decline and activities of daily living in patients with mild Alzheimer disease:a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 302:2557-2564, 2009.
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• 6) Lannfelt L, et al.:Safety, efficacy, and biomarker findings of PBT2 in targeting Abeta as a modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease:a phase IIa, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 7:779-786, 2008.
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• 7) Forlenza OV, et al.:Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment:randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 198(5):351-356, 2011.
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• 8) Asuni AA, et al.:Immunotherapy targeting pathological tau conformers in a tangle mouse model reduces brain pathology with associated functional improvements. J Neurosci. 27:9115-9129, 2007.

• 9) d'Abramo C, et al.:Tau passive immunotherapy in mutant P301L mice:antibody affinity versus specificity. PLoS One. 8(4):e62402, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062402.

• 10) Yanamandra K, et al.:Anti-tau antibodies that block tau aggregate seeding in vitro markedly decrease pathology and improve cognition in vivo. Neuron. 80(2):402-414, 2013.
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• 11) Wilkinson D, et al.:Safety and efficacy of idalopirdine, a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease(LADDER):a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 13(11):1092-1099, 2014.
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• 12) Huang M, et al.:The novel α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist EVP-6124 enhances dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate efflux in rat cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology(Berl). 231(23):4541-4551, 2014.

• 13) Tsujio I, et al.:Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by protein kinase C delta:implications for regulation of tau phosphorylation. FEBS Lett. 469(1):111-117, 2000.
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• 14) Kato K, et al.:Protein kinase C stabilizes X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) through phosphorylation at Ser(87) to suppress apoptotic cell death. Psychogeriatrics. 11(2):90-97, 2011.
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P.49 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Frisoni GB, et al.:The EADC-ADNI harmonized protocol for manual hippocampal segmentation on magnetic resonance:evidence of validity. Alzheimers Dement, 2014 Sep 27. pii:S1552-5260(14)02468-6. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1756. [Epub ahead of print]

• 2) Ashburner J, et al.:Voxel-based morphometry--the methods. Neuroimage, 11:805-821, 2000.

• 3) Ashburner J:A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage, 38:95-113, 2007.
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• 4) Hirata Y, et al.:Voxel-based morphometry to discriminate early Alzheimer's disease from controls. Neurosci Lett, 382:269-274, 2005.
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• 5) Matsuda H, et al.:Automatic voxel-based morphometry of structural MRI by SPM8 plus diffeomorphic anatomic registration through exponentiated lie algebra improves the diagnosis of probable Alzheimer Disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 33:1109-1114, 2012.
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• 6) Waragai M, et al.:Utility of SPM8 plus DARTEL (VSRAD) combined with magnetic resonance spectroscopy as adjunct techniques for screening and predicting dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in clinical practice. J Alzheimers Dis, 41:1207-1222, 2014.
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• 7) Tateno A, et al.:Comparison of imaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease:amyloid imaging with[18 F]florbetapir positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging voxel-based analysis for entorhinal cortex atrophy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Jul 7. doi:10.1002/gps.4173.

• 8) Sperling RA, et al.:Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Dement, 7:280-292, 2011.
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• 9) Matsuda H:Voxel-based morphometry of brain MRI in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Aging Dis, 4:29-37, 2013.
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• 10) Whitwell JL, et al.:Neuroimaging correlates of pathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer's disease:a case-control study. Lancet Neurol, 11:868-377, 2012.
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P.52 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Hanyu H, et al.:Diagnostic accuracy of single photon emission computed tomography in Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology, 39(5):260-6, 1993.
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• 2) Imabayashi E, et al.:Superiority of 3-dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis over visual inspection in discrimination of patients with very early Alzheimer's disease from controls using brain perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med, 45(9):1450-7, 2004.
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P.58 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Minoshima S, et al.:A diagnostic approach in Alzheimer's disease using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med, 36(7):1238-1248, 1995.

• 2) Minoshima S, Foster NL, Kuhl DE:Posterior cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet, 24;344(8926):895, 1994.

• 3) Matsuda H, et al.:Automated discrimination between very early Alzheimer disease and controls using an easy Z-score imaging system for multicenter brain perfusion single-photon emission tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 28(4):731-736, 2007.
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• 4) Mizumura S, et al.:Stereotactic statistical imaging analysis of the brain using the easy Z-score imaging system for sharing a normal database. Radiat Med, 24(7):545-552, 2006.
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• 5) Sperling RA, et al.:Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association Workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement, 7:280-292, 2011.
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P.64 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Imabayashi E, Matsuda H, Asada T, Ohnishi T, Sakamoto S, Nakano S, Inoue T:Superiority of 3-dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis over visual inspection in discrimination of patients with very early Alzheimer's disease from controls using brain perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med, 45(9):1450-7, 2004.
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• 2) Minoshima S, Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE:A diagnostic approach in Alzheimer's disease using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med, 36(7):1238-48, 1995.

• 3) Minoshima S, Foster NL, Kuhl DE:Posterior cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet, 24;344(8926):895, 1994.

• 4) Mizumura S, Kumita S:Stereotactic statistical imaging analysis of the brain using the easy Z-score imaging system for sharing a normal database. Radiat Med, 24(7):545-52, 2006.
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• 5) Matsuda H, Mizumura S, Nagao T, Ota T, Iizuka T, Nemoto K, Takemura N, Arai H, Homma A:Automated discrimination between very early Alzheimer disease and controls using an easy Z-score imaging system for multicenter brain perfusion single-photon emission tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 28(4):731-6, 2007.
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• 6) McKhann GM et al.:The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease:recommendation from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement, 7;263-69, 2011.
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• 7) Albert MS et al.:The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers, 7:270-79, 2011
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• 8) Sperling RA et al.:Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association Workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement, 7:280-92, 2011.
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• 9) Jack CR Jr et al.:Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological of cascade. Lancet Neurol, 9:119-128, 2010.
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• 10) Balasa M, Gelpi E, Antonell A, Rey MJ, Sanchez-Valle R, Molinuevo JL, Llado A:Clinical features and APOE genotype of pathologically proven early-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 17;76(20):1720-5, 2011.

• 11) Hof PR, Vogt BA, Bouras C, Morrison JH:Atypical form of Alzheimer's disease with prominent posterior cortical atrophy:a review of lesion distribution and circuit disconnection in cortical visual pathways. Vision Res, 37(24):3609-25, 1997.
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• 12) Gorno-Tempini ML, Brambati SM, Ginex V, Ogar J, Dronkers NF, Marcone A, Perani D, Garibotto V, Cappa SF, Miller BL:The logopenic/phonological variant of primary progressive aphasia. Neurology, 14;71(16):1227-34, 2008.

• 13) Marc Teichmann, Aurelie Kas, Claire Boutet, Sophie Ferrieux, Marie Nogues, Dalila Samri, Christina Rogan, Didier Dormont, Bruno Dubois, and Raffaella Migliaccio, Deciphering:Logopenic primary progressive aphasia:a clinical, imaging and biomarker investigation Brain, 136;3474-3488, 2013.
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P.70 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Minoshima S, et al.:Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early alzheimer's disease. Annals of neurology, 42:85-94, 1997.
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• 2) Ishiwata A, et al.:Preclinical evidence of alzheimer changes in progressive mild cognitive impairment:A qualitative and quantitative spect study. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 114:91-96, 2006.
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• 3) Shimizu S, et al.:Spect follow-up study of cerebral blood flow changes during donepezil therapy in patients with alzheimer's disease. Journal of neuroimaging:official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging, 16:16-23, 2006.
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• 4) Nobili F, et al.:Brain perfusion follow-up in alzheimer's patients during treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Journal of nuclear medicine:official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 43:983-990, 2002.
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• 5) Nakano S, et al.:Donepezil hydrochloride preserves regional cerebral blood flow in patients with alzheimer's disease. Journal of nuclear medicine:official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 42:1441-1445, 2001.
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• 6) Bohnen NI, et al.:Degree of inhibition of cortical acetylcholinesterase activity and cognitive effects by donepezil treatment in alzheimer's disease. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 76:315-319, 2005.
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• 7) Craig AH, et al.:Cerebral blood flow correlates of apathy in alzheimer disease. Archives of neurology, 53:1116-1120, 1996.
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• 8) Mega MS, et al.:Orbital and dorsolateral frontal perfusion defect associated with behavioral response to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 12:209-218, 2000.
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• 9) Hanyu H, et al.:Regional cerebral blood flow patterns and response to donepezil treatment in patients with alzheimer's disease. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 15:177-182, 2003.
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• 10) Okamura N, et al.:In vivo visualization of donepezil binding in the brain of patients with alzheimer's disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 65:472-479, 2008.
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• 11) Kaasinen V, et al.:Regional effects of donepezil and rivastigmine on cortical acetylcholinesterase activity in alzheimer's disease. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 22:615-620, 2002.
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• 12) Shinotoh H, et al.:Effect of donepezil on brain acetylcholinesterase activity in patients with ad measured by pet. Neurology, 56:408-410, 2001.
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• 13) Keller C, et al.:Long-term effects of galantamine treatment on brain functional activities as measured by pet in alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis, 24:109-123, 2011.
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• 14) 松村和浩ほか:アルツハイマー型認知症患者におけるガランタミンおよびメマンチン投与前後のSPECTによる局所脳血流評価. 脳循環代謝, 24:38-44, 2013.

• 15) Cerci SS, et al.:Effect of rivastigmine on regional cerebral blood flow in alzheimer's disease. Adv Ther, 24:611-621, 2007.
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• 18) Sperling RA, et al.:Toward defining the preclinical stages of alzheimer's disease:Recommendations from the national institute on aging-alzheimer's association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & dementia:the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 7:280-292, 2011.
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P.76 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Petersen RC, et al.:Mild cognitive impairment:Clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol, 56:303-308, 1999.
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• 2) Peterson RC, et al.:Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Arch Neurol, 62:1160-1163, 2005.

• 3) Albert. MS, et al.:The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease:Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association workgroup. Alzheimer's Dement 7:270-279, 2011.
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• 4) Artero S, et al.:Rivised criteria for mild cognitive impairment:validation within a longitudinal population study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis, 22:465-470, 2006.

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P.83 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Peterson RC:Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 256:183-194, 2004.

• 2) Jack CR Jr., et al.:Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease;Implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 132:1355-1365, 2009.
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• 3) 北垣一 著:MRI, CT画像で診るアルツハイマー病. 松田博史, 朝田隆 編, 見て診て学ぶ認知症の画像診断 改訂第2版 II. 各論 1 アルツハイマー病, 137-150, 永井書店, 2010.

• 4) Apostolova LG, et al.:Conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease predicted by hippocampal atrophy maps.

• 5) Varon D, et al.;Minimal atrophy of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus:progression of cognitive impairment. Dementia 31276-283, 2011.

• 6) Schuff N, et al.:MRI of hippocampal volume loss in early Alzheimer's disease in relation to ApoE genotype and biomarkers. Brain 1-11, 2009.
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• 7) Duara R, et al.:The utility of age-specific cut-offs for visual rating of medial temporal atrophy in classifying Alzheimer's disease, MCI and cognitively normal elderly subjects. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 5:47:1-8, 2013.

• 8) Minoshima S, et al.:Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease. Ann Nurol 42:85-94, 1997.

• 9) Kogure D, et al.:Longitudinal evaluation of early Alzheimer's disease using brain perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 41:1155-1162, 2000.
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• 10) Matsuda H, et al.:Brain SPET abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease before and after atrophy correction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29:1502-1505, 2002.
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• 11) Imabayashi E, et al.:Superiority of 3-dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis over visual inspection in discrimination of patients with very early Alzheimer's disease from controls using brain perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 45:1450-1457, 2004.
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• 12) Herholz K, et al.:Direct comparison of spatially normalized PET and SPECT scans in Alzheimer's disease. J Nucl Med 43:21-26, 2002.
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• 13) Ito K, et al.:Prediction of outcomes in MCI with 123I-IMP-CBF SPECT:a multicenter prospective cohort study. Ann Nucl Med 27:898-906, 2013.

• 14) Hirano K, et al.:The prediction of rapid conversion to Alzheimer's disease in mild cognitive impairment using regional blood flow SPECT. Neuroimage 28:1014-1021, 2005.

• 15) Li X, et al.:Correlations between Z-scores of VSRAD and regional cerebral blood flow of SPECT in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatry and Clinical neurosciences 64:284-292, 2010.
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II 認知症の画像診断 - 鑑別診断 -

P.92 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Glenner GG et al.:Alzheimer's disease:initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 120:885-890, 1984.
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• 2) Masters CL et al.:Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 82:4245-4249, 1985.
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• 3) Kang J et al.:The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature, 325:733-736, 1987.
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• 4) Hutton M et al.:Association of missense and 5'-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17. Nature, 393:702-705, 1998.

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• 6) Cruts M et al.:Null mutations in progranulin cause ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17q21. Nature, 442:920-924, 2006.
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• 7) Barker M et al.:Mutations in progranulin cause tau-negative frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17. Nature, 442:916-919, 2006.

• 8) Neumann M et al.:Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science, 314:130-133, 2006.

• 9) Arai T et al.:TDP-43 is a component of ubiquitin-positive tau-negative inclusions in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 351:602-611, 2006.
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P.98 掲載の参考文献

• 1) McKeith IG, et al.:Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies:third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology, 65:1863-1872, 2005.
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• 2) Rascovsky K, et al.:Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 134:2456-2477.
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• 3) Neary D, et al.:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration:a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology, 51:1546-1554, 1998.

P.106 掲載の参考文献

• 1) McKeith IG, et al.:Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies:third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology, 65:1863-18672, 2005.
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• 2) Takahashi R, et al.:Measurement of gray and white matter atrophy in dementia with lewy bodies using diffeomorphic anatomic registration through exponentiated lie algebra:A comparison with conventional voxel-based morphometry. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 31:1873-1878, 2010.
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• 3) Ishii K, et al.:Regional cerebral blood flow difference between dementia with Lewy bodies and AD. Neurology, 53:413-416, 1999.

• 4) Ishii K, et al.:Comparison of FDG-PET and IMP-SPECT in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Ann Nucl Med, 18:447-451, 2004.
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• 5) Varrone A, et al.:Voxel-based comparison of rCBF SPET images in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease highlights the involvement of different cortical networks. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 29:1447-1454, 2002.
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• 6) Takahashi R, et al.:Brain alterations and mini-mental state examination in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy:voxel-based investigations using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra, 1:381-392, 2011.

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P.118 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 日本正常圧水頭症学会特発性正常圧水頭症診療ガイドライン作成委員会:特発性正常圧水頭症診療ガイドライン第2版. メディカルレビュー社, 大阪, 2011.

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